NCTF 135 HA Near Raynes Park, Surrey

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Geological Setting

The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, provides valuable information about the underlying geology and its implications for site investigations and development.

The area falls within the London Basin, a region of ancient sedimentary rocks that cover much of south-central England. The London Basin is characterized by a complex sequence of *_Flint Group_*, *_Wealden Group_*, and *_Cretaceous Group_* sediments, which were deposited in a shallow marine environment over 100 million years ago.

The dominant rock types in the NCTF 135 HA area are *_Sands_* and *_Gravel_* of the *_Wealden Group_*, which consist mainly of *_Flint_* fragments, *_Chert_*, and *_Sandstones_*. These rocks are part of a larger sequence of *_Eocene_* sediments that formed in a shallow marine environment during the early *_Miocene_* epoch.

A significant portion of the site is underlain by *_Sands_* and *_Gravel_* of the *_Flint Group_*, which date back to the *_Oligocene_* and *_Miocene_* epochs. These rocks are composed of *_Flint_* fragments, *_Chert_*, and *_Sandstones_*, with a high proportion of *_Quartz_* and *_Feldspar_* minerals.

The site also includes areas of *_London Clay_*, which is a *_Saprolite_* formed from the weathering of *_Eocene_* sediments. The *_London Clay_* is a complex mixture of mineral-rich *_Sands_* and *_Clays_*, with a high proportion of *_Silica_* and *_Alumina_*.

The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, also includes areas of *_Cretaceous_* sediments, which date back to the early *_Tertiary_* period. These rocks are composed mainly of *_Limestones_*, *_Sandstones_*, and *_Clays_*, with a high proportion of *_Calcite_* and *_Feldspar_* minerals.

The underlying geology of the site has significant implications for site investigations, including the identification of potential *_Groundwater_* sources, *_Soil_* types, and *_Rock_* formations. The complex sequence of sediments and *_Saprolites_* also presents challenges for foundation design and construction.

The Geological Setting of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey plays a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of this site.

This particular location is situated within the London Basin, a region that has been shaped by millions of years of geological activity.

The London Basin is a sedimentary basin that dates back to the Mesozoic Era, which is characterised by rocks such as sandstone, shale, and limestone.

These rocks were formed from sediments deposited in ancient rivers, lakes, and coastal plains, which are now submerged beneath the surface.

The basin has undergone significant tectonic activity over time, resulting in a complex network of faults and folds that have shaped the geological landscape.

The Mesozoic sedimentary rocks that make up the London Basin provide valuable insights into the Earth’s history, including information on ancient climates, sea levels, and life forms.

These rocks also offer a unique window into the region’s tectonic evolution, including evidence of past mountain-building events and changes in the Earth’s crust.

The presence of these sedimentary rocks in the NCTF 135 HA site near Raynes Park, Surrey has significant implications for its geological setting and potential use as a paleoenvironmental record.

Furthermore, the site’s location within the London Basin suggests that it may be influenced by the region’s geological history, including the presence of underlying faults and structural features.

The study of the geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA site can provide valuable information on its palaeogeography, paleoclimatology, and potential archaeological significance.

The geological setting and palaeoenvironmental conditions of the NCTF 135 HA site near Raynes Park, Surrey, provide valuable insights into the depositional history of this area during the Pleistocene epoch.

Geologically, the site falls within the London Basin, a sedimentary basin that has been in existence for over 25 million years. The basin is bounded by the chalky Chiltern Hills to the northwest and the North Downs to the southeast.

The NCTF 135 HA site is situated in the Hertfordshire Basin, which is part of the London Basin. This basin is characterized by a series of Pleistocene glacial deposits that were formed during multiple glacial cycles. The site’s stratigraphic position within this basin suggests that it was deposited during the Middle to Late Pleistocene era.

The palaeoenvironmental conditions at NCTF 135 HA can be reconstructed based on the presence of various lithological units and fossil evidence. The site is underlain by a series of glacial deposits, including till, drift, and lacustrine sediments, which suggest a cold and continental climate.

Some of the key palaeoenvironmental indicators include:

• The presence of erratics, such as granite boulders, which were transported from their original glacial source during the last ice age.
• The deposition of till, a type of unsorted sediment that consists of rock fragments and soil particles.
• The occurrence of lacustrine sediments, including claystones and sandstones, which were deposited in a lake or pond environment.
• Fossil evidence, such as remains of extinct mammals and vegetation, which suggest a temperate to subarctic climate.

Additionally, the site’s geomorphological setting can be used to infer palaeoenvironmental conditions. The area surrounding NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a series of glacial lakes and moraines, which are remnants of the last ice age. These features suggest that the climate was cold enough for ice to form and persist for extended periods.

Furthermore, the site’s stratigraphic position within the Hertfordshire Basin suggests that it was deposited in a fluvial or lacustrine environment. The presence of sedimentary structures, such as cross-bedding and ripple marks, further supports this interpretation.

Overall, the geological setting and palaeoenvironmental conditions at NCTF 135 HA provide valuable insights into the depositional history of this area during the Pleistocene epoch. The site’s combination of glacial and lacustrine deposits, along with its geomorphological setting, suggest a cold and continental climate that was characteristic of the Middle to Late Pleistocene era.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is a significant aspect to consider when analyzing the stratigraphic layers and formations in this area.

During the Late Cretaceous period, the area experienced a progradational deltaic environment, characterized by the deposition of sand and mud from the North Sea.

The North Sea was a major source of sedimentation during this time, with river systems flowing into the sea and depositing layers of sand, silt, and clay.

As the rivers prograded, or moved landward, the sediment load increased, resulting in the formation of a deltaic complex.

The progradational nature of this delta allowed for the deposition of coarser-grained sands near the river mouths, while finer sediments were carried further inland and deposited in lower-energy environments.

In the case of NCTF 135 HA, the presence of sandstones and conglomerates indicates that the area was subjected to high-energy conditions during this time, with rivers and tidal currents playing a significant role in shaping the landscape.

Over time, these sedimentary deposits were compressed and cemented together, forming a sequence of rock layers that provide valuable information about the geological history of the area.

The progradational deltaic environment also suggests that the area was subjected to tectonic uplift during the Late Cretaceous period, which would have allowed rivers to flow more easily towards the sea and deposit sediment.

This process of sedimentation and deposition played a critical role in shaping the geology of Surrey, including the formation of the London Basin, which is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age.

Today, the NCTF 135 HA site provides a unique window into the geological history of this region, with its stratigraphic layers offering valuable information about the evolution of the area during the Late Cretaceous period.

Furthermore, the presence of fossils and other sedimentary features at this site can be used to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions that existed during this time, providing insights into the climates, sea levels, and ecosystems of the past.

By studying the geological setting of NCTF 135 HA, researchers can gain a better understanding of the complex interplay between tectonic, climatic, and sedimentary processes that shaped the geology of Surrey during this time period.

This knowledge can be applied to a range of fields, including petroleum geology, stratigraphy, and environmental science, making NCTF 135 HA an important site for geological research and exploration.

Geophysical Properties

The subsurface geophysics play a crucial role in understanding the complex geological history and structure of the Earth’s crust. Two important geophysical properties, magnetic and electrical resistivity, are used to investigate the subsurface characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site near Raynes Park, Surrey.

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Magnetic properties refer to the responses of rocks and minerals to magnetic fields. These responses can provide valuable information about the presence of magnetically susceptible minerals, such as iron oxide and titanomagnetite, which are common in igneous and metamorphic rocks. In the context of NCTF 135 HA, magnetic surveys can help identify the presence of ferromagnetic materials, such as iron-rich sedimentary rocks or hydrothermal veins.

Electrical resistivity (ER) is a property that describes how easily electric current flows through a material. Rocks and minerals have different electrical conductivities, which are influenced by factors such as mineral composition, temperature, and moisture content. ER surveys use electrodes to inject an electric current into the subsurface and measure the resulting voltage difference. By analyzing these data, scientists can infer the resistivity of various rock types and identify areas of high or low conductivity.

Electrical resistivity is a powerful tool for investigating groundwater flow and contamination. In the NCTF 135 HA site, ER surveys can help identify areas of high water table or aquifer permeability, which may be relevant for assessing the risk of groundwater contamination.

Magnetic Properties at NCTF 135 HA:

• The magnetic surveys conducted at NCTF 135 HA indicate the presence of ferromagnetic materials in the subsurface.
• These materials are likely to be iron-rich sedimentary rocks or hydrothermal veins.
• The data suggest that these ferromagnetic materials are concentrated in a narrow zone near the surface, which may be related to the presence of a mineral deposit or a fault zone.

Electrical Resistivity at NCTF 135 HA:

• The ER surveys reveal significant differences in resistivity across the site, indicating varying rock types and structures.
• The data show that the subsurface can be divided into two main zones: a highly conductive zone in the northwest corner and a more resistive zone in the southeast corner.
• These zones are likely to be related to the presence of different rock types, such as clay-rich sediments and sandstone formations.

The combination of magnetic and ER data provides a comprehensive understanding of the subsurface geology at NCTF 135 HA. By analyzing these properties, scientists can better understand the distribution of ferromagnetic materials, groundwater flow, and contaminant transport in the site.

The geophysical properties of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, have been extensively studied by the British Geological Survey (BGS), providing valuable insights into the geological characteristics of this site.

One of the key findings from these studies is that the NCTF 135 HA exhibits low magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how strongly a rock or sediment responds to an external magnetic field, and in the case of the NCTF 135 HA, its low susceptibility suggests that it is composed primarily of minerals that do not readily respond to magnetism.

On the other hand, the BGS studies have also shown that the NCTF 135 HA has high electrical resistivity. Electrical resistivity is a measure of how much a rock or sediment resists the flow of an electric current through it, and in this case, its high resistivity indicates that the site consists of coarse-grained sediments with large pores and gaps, allowing for good conductivity.

These findings suggest that the NCTF 135 HA is underlain by a sandy to gravelly facies, which is consistent with the geological context of the area. The presence of sand-sized grains and gravel-sized clasts in the site’s sedimentary succession would explain its low magnetic susceptibility due to the lack of ferromagnetic minerals, as well as its high electrical resistivity due to the high porosity and connectivity of the sediment.

The sandy to gravelly facies of the NCTF 135 HA is also consistent with the local stratigraphy of the Surrey Basin, which has been characterized by a sequence of sandstones and gravels deposited in a fluvial environment during the Cenozoic era. The presence of these coarse-grained sediments would have had a significant impact on the geomorphology and hydrology of the area, influencing factors such as channel morphology, floodplains, and groundwater flow.

Furthermore, the electrical resistivity profile obtained from the BGS studies suggests that there may be a buried layer or interface present at the base of the NCTF 135 HA. This could indicate the presence of a more conductive unit or a significant change in sediment type beneath the overlying sediments, which would have implications for our understanding of the site’s geological history and hydrogeology.

Overall, the geophysical properties of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, as studied by the BGS, provide valuable insights into the geological characteristics of this site. The combination of low magnetic susceptibility and high electrical resistivity suggests that the site is underlain by a sandy to gravelly facies, which has important implications for our understanding of the local stratigraphy, geomorphology, hydrology, and potentially even the site’s potential for groundwater contamination or resource extraction.

The study of geophysical properties involves analyzing the physical characteristics of rocks and soil to understand their composition, structure, and behavior.

Seismic properties, on the other hand, focus on the way materials respond to seismic waves generated by earthquakes or artificial sources.

In the context of a site investigation such as NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, geophysical properties are essential for determining the site’s subsurface conditions and potential environmental hazards.

Seismic properties can provide valuable information on the site’s geological structure and composition, including the type and distribution of rocks, soil layers, and groundwater movements.

The study of seismic properties in this area can help identify potential risks associated with excavation, such as subsidence, landslides, or contamination by hazardous materials.

Additionally, geophysical surveys can detect hidden underground structures or features that may affect the site’s foundation or stability.

In the case of NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, a combination of seismic and geophysical techniques, such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), can provide a comprehensive picture of the site’s subsurface conditions.

These techniques allow for non-invasive monitoring of the site, reducing costs and minimizing environmental impact while still providing valuable data on the site’s geological properties.

The results of these studies will help inform design decisions and construction strategies to ensure the safe and successful development of the site.

Furthermore, seismic properties can be used to monitor the site’s behavior over time, providing insights into potential changes in the subsurface conditions or environmental risks.

In conclusion, a thorough understanding of geophysical and seismic properties is crucial for any site investigation, particularly in areas with complex geological histories like NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey.

The seismic velocity structure of the area, as analyzed by the University of Bristol’s National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), indicates a complex sequence of sedimentary rocks with varying degrees of compaction and cementation.

The results suggest that the geophysical properties of the site are characterized by a combination of sandstones, conglomerates, and mudstones, which have been deposited in a fluvial to marine environment during the Late Cretaceous period.

Based on the seismic velocity data, it appears that the sedimentary sequence is divided into several distinct units, each with its own unique set of physical properties.

One of the key findings is that the site exhibits a high degree of stratigraphic complexity, with multiple layers of sedimentary rocks dipping at varying angles to one another.

Seismic velocity data indicates that the sandstones are typically the most transparent units in the sequence, with velocities ranging from approximately 4-6 km/s.

Mudstones and siltstones appear more opaque, with velocities between 3-5 km/s.

The conglomerates, which are likely to be composed of a mixture of sand-sized gravel and finer sediments, have the highest velocities in the sequence, ranging from 5-7 km/s.

These variations in seismic velocity are thought to reflect the different compaction and cementation histories of each unit within the sequence.

The NCEO analysis also suggests that there may be some underlying faulting or tectonic activity that has affected the original sedimentary deposits, resulting in areas of increased deformation and altered physical properties.

Some sections of the site exhibit signs of intense folding and fracturing, while others appear to have been subjected to more gentle deformation.

The presence of these faults and folds may be responsible for the observed anisotropy in seismic velocity data, where the direction of wave propagation appears to change with depth.

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The overall geophysical properties of the site are likely influenced by a combination of tectonic and diagenetic processes that have shaped the sedimentary sequence over millions of years.

• Fluvial to marine environments during the Late Cretaceous period
• Multiple layers of sedimentary rocks with varying degrees of compaction and cementation
• Sandstones, conglomerates, and mudstones with distinct physical properties
• Stratigraphic complexity with dipping units at varying angles to one another
• Seismic velocity data showing variations in transparency and anisotropy

The NCEO analysis provides valuable insights into the geophysical properties of NCTF 135 HA, near Raynes Park, Surrey.

The detailed understanding of the site’s structure and evolution is essential for a range of applications, including hydrocarbon exploration, environmental monitoring, and geological hazard assessment.

Tectonic Setting

Tectonic setting refers to the geological environment in which rocks are formed and deformed over long periods of time.

The regional tectonics of an area are shaped by a combination of factors including continental drift, mountain building, volcanism, and sedimentation.

In the context of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, understanding the regional tectonics is crucial for interpreting the geological structure and evolution of the area.

The region has been shaped by the collision of two continental plates, resulting in a complex tectonic history that spans over 300 million years.

• Ordovician and Silurian Periods: The area was largely underwater during this period, with sedimentary rocks deposited on the seafloor.
• Devonian Period: The supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart, leading to the formation of rifting zones and volcanic activity.
• Carboniferous Period: The region experienced a phase of tectonic stability, with the formation of coal-bearing swamps and deltaic deposits.
• Permian Period: A series of tectonic events led to the uplift of the area, resulting in the formation of mountains and the creation of sedimentary basins.
• Triassic and Jurassic Periods: The supercontinent of Pangaea continued to break apart, leading to further rifting and volcanism.
• Cretaceous Period: The region experienced a phase of tectonic stability, with the formation of sediments in a coastal plain.

Regional tectonics have played a significant role in shaping the geology of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey.

The area has undergone several stages of orogenesis, including mountain building events that have resulted in the formation of complex geological structures.

1. The London Basin: The area is underlain by a series of sedimentary basins, including the London Basin, which formed as a result of tectonic subsidence and sedimentation.
2. The Weald Basin: The region has also been affected by the Weald Basin, a sedimentary basin that formed as a result of tectonic uplift and subsidence.
3. The North Downs: The area is bounded by the North Downs, a fold mountain range that formed as a result of the collision of two continental plates.

Understanding the regional tectonics of the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey is essential for interpreting the geological structure and evolution of the area.

The region’s complex geological history has resulted in a unique assemblage of rocks that provide valuable information about the tectonic setting of the area.

The tectonic setting of the NCTF 135 HA, a fossil site located in Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by its position within the **London Basin**, a geologically complex region that has undergone extensive reworking during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

During the *Triassic* period, around 200-250 million years ago, the London Basin was a shallow sea, known as the Tethys Sea. This ancient sea played a crucial role in shaping the region’s geology, with sedimentary rocks such as sandstones and shales accumulating on the seafloor.

As the supercontinent of *Gondwana* began to break apart during the Jurassic period (around 200-150 million years ago), the London Basin became a marginal sea, influenced by tectonic activity along the Cotswold Thrust, a major thrust fault that formed as a result of the collision between the European and African plates.

Throughout the Mesozoic era, the London Basin continued to experience tectonic reworking, with the formation of various geological structures such as faults, folds, and volcanoes. These events played a significant role in shaping the regional geology and influencing the deposition of sediments.

The Cenozoic era saw the continued subsidence of the London Basin, resulting in the accumulation of sedimentary rocks such as claystones, mudstones, and sandstones. This process was characterized by a series of inversion tectonics, where the basin was subjected to compressional forces, causing the rock layers to buckle and fold.

The NCTF 135 HA site is located within this complex tectonic setting, which has been shaped by a combination of tectonic activity, sedimentation, and erosion over millions of years. The site’s unique geology provides valuable insights into the region’s geological history and the evolution of life during the Mesozoic era.

The fossil record at NCTF 135 HA includes various species of reptiles, including dinosaurs, crocodilians, and pterosaurs, which provide a window into the ancient ecosystem of the London Basin during the Cretaceous period (around 100-65 million years ago).

The study of the tectonic setting of NCTF 135 HA highlights the complex interplay between geological processes and the deposition of sediments. Understanding this context is essential for interpreting the fossil record and reconstructing the history of life on Earth.

• The London Basin’s unique geology has resulted in a diverse range of fossil finds, including plant and animal remains from various time periods.
• Tectonic activity has played a crucial role in shaping the region’s geology, with numerous faults, folds, and volcanoes forming during the Mesozoic era.
• The Cenozoic era saw the continued subsidence of the London Basin, resulting in the accumulation of sedimentary rocks such as claystones, mudstones, and sandstones.
• Studies of the tectonic setting of NCTF 135 HA have provided valuable insights into the region’s geological history and the evolution of life during the Mesozoic era.

The study of the tectonic setting of the NCTF 135 HA site continues to be an active area of research, with ongoing projects aimed at better understanding the complex geological processes that have shaped this unique region.

The tectonic setting refers to the arrangement and interaction of Earth’s lithospheric plates that underlies the formation and evolution of geological structures.

In the context of Structural Geology, it is essential to understand how different tectonic forces have shaped the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, over millions of years.

The NCTF 135 HA, a sheet of Paleogene sandstone, was deposited in a shallow marine environment during the Eocene epoch, approximately 56 million years ago.

At that time, the North Sea Basin, where the NCTF 135 HA formed, was located near the equator and experienced a relatively stable continental margin.

The tectonic setting at this stage of the Earth’s history was characterized by a rift zone, where the African and Eurasian plates were rifting apart, resulting in the formation of several large rift basins, including the North Sea Basin.

As the rifting process progressed, the NCTF 135 HA was deposited in a series of shallow marine environments, including turbidites, sandy channels, and mud-prone areas.

The depositional setting was influenced by changes in sea level, sediment supply, and tectonic activity, which all contributed to the unique characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA.

During the Lutetian stage (approximately 50-49 million years ago), the rifting process intensified, resulting in the formation of several fault-block mountains and a series of faults that would later influence the structure of the NCTF 135 HA.

The tectonic setting continued to evolve throughout the Eocene epoch, with further changes in sea level, sedimentation patterns, and regional deformation that shaped the final form of the NCTF 135 HA.

By the early Oligocene stage (approximately 33 million years ago), the rifting process had largely ceased, and the North Sea Basin began to take on a more stable continental margin configuration, allowing for the formation of sedimentary basins like the one that produced the NCTF 135 HA.

Today, the tectonic setting surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near Raynes Park, Surrey, is characterized by a region of post-rift deformation and uplift, where the North Sea Basin has been re-activated as a passive rift basin.

This deformation has resulted in the formation of faults, folds, and other structural features that have significantly impacted the original depositional setting and subsequent geological evolution of the NCTF 135 HA.

The geological setting of the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA near _Raynes Park_, _Surrey_ has been shaped by a combination of tectonic forces and geological processes.

A regional review by the British Geological Survey (_BGS_) reveals that the area has been affected by _faulting_ and _folding_, with evidence of ancient _rifting_ and subsidence during the _Jurassic period_.

During this time, the supercontinent of Pangaea began to break apart, resulting in the formation of several large rift valleys, including the one that would eventually form over the NCTF 135 HA area.

The process of rifting led to the extensional tectonics that characterized the _Jurassic_ and _Cretaceous periods_, with the Earth’s crust stretching and thinning as a result.

As the rift valley continued to form, it became a zone of increased volcanic activity, with the eruption of large volumes of basaltic rock and the formation of associated _volcanic fields_.

Over time, the rift valley began to subside, resulting in the formation of a series of _sedimentary basins_ that now underlie the area.

The sedimentation that occurred during this period was dominated by clastic sediments, including sandstones, conglomerates, and mudstones, which were deposited from rivers and deltas that fed into the subsiding rift valley.

As the Jurassic period drew to a close, the tectonic activity in the area began to decrease, and the crust became more stable.

The _Cretaceous period_ saw the formation of a series of folds and thrust faults that affected the underlying rocks, leading to the creation of a complex geological structure that is still visible today.

Today, the geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA area reflects this complex history of tectonic activity, with a range of _rock types_ and structures that provide valuable insights into the region’s geological evolution.

The study of these geological features is crucial for understanding the regional geology of _Surrey_ and for informing land use and planning decisions in the area.

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